Connections Between Components Comprises †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Connections Between Components Comprises? Answer: Introduction Systems thinking is a discipline in management that is specifically concerned with the inherent comprehension and examination of connections between components that comprises a particular process. According to Weinberg (2011), systems thinking is an important concept in project management, quality and portfolio management, improving business processes and ensuring organisational maturity. Besides, Gharajedaghi (2011) defines systems thinking as the inherent ability to develop reliable insinuations about particular actions by establishing a progressively deep understanding of the fundamental structures. Through system thinking, innovative conception of facts can be stimulated opening up new possibilities, help in the identification and management of various risks and enhance communication. Moreover, the research by Leveson (2011) clearly stipulates that system thinking can effectively facilitate faster response to diverse changes during project execution as it can significantly improv e organisational leadership skills by raising awareness of various project objectives. Therefore, this research gives coherent exploration of relevant literatures on the concepts of systems thinking and how such relates to project, program and portfolio management. The research further identifies different tools of systems thinking, and will include the management of risks, value and systems engineering. Correspondingly, assorted forms of systems thinking that are important in project and portfolio management are discussed, and include, organizational forms, models, system engineering, and value and risk management. An explanation of the systems thinking approaches and a comparisons with the traditional methods is also given.; Significance of systems thinking to a project and an organisation According to Flood (2010), the application of systems thinking in project managements is becoming more paramount in most organisations. The research by Gharajedaghi (2011) point at the inherent need for increased transparency and comprehensive understanding of how diverse elements of systems thinking influences project management among other organizational facets. The underlying principles applicable here include the ability to develop quality thinking when solving various problems, increased candidness and identification of defective solutions. According to Weinberg (2011), some of the traditional approaches to project management majorly revolves around defusing complex elements of a project through accurate planning and establishing more control over the associated processes. However, such traditional approaches have limited influence on project management given that there are numerous arising issues that may occasionally necessitate critical thinking. Given the dynamic environments in which modern organizations operates in, project management is increasingly becoming a hard task. As such, by the research by Leveson (2011) perceive systems thinking as the most viable solution to the present and future challenges that relates to project management. To understand the significance of systems thinking, we must first understand the problem-solving processes in the context of project management. In their research, Best and Holmes (2010) further explains that problem-solving in an organization involve the precise identification of challenges that may interfere with the status quo. These challenges must be identified and properly understood by the decision-makers. Once the problems have been identified, systems thinking will enable an organization to adopt a holistic approach to problem solving. Such approaches include the determination of various opinions and techniques of thinking and how the status quo affects project implementation (Flood, 2010). Such holistic approaches include the identification of facts and related events, examining the subtle aspects of the identified challenges and developing instructive and characteristic reactions to the complex project dynamics (Kerzner, 2013). Another importance of systems thinking is that it enables an organization to clearly appreciate the cause-and-effect processes that are related to a particular phenomenon. This facilitates the establishment of network of interactions during project implementation based on an understanding of how problems can be connected to become complex organizational issues. According to by Leveson (2011) feedback loops are used in understanding variables that can influence project execution and interactions between such variables. The recapitulating patterns identified in the feedback loop can be used in the documentation of possible reasons for the complex problems. According to Leveson (2011), systems thinking is also instrumental in planning scenarios and modelling actions that simplifies the incorporation of diverse viewpoints. Such an approach to systems thinking majorly assumes that an organization relishes in relevant project information which can be used to solve arising challenges. Correspondingly, the research by Mingers and White (2010) clearly stipulates that systems thinking in project management can be used in the determination of specified behaviours and team approaches to project implementation. According to Nguyen et al. (2011), such approaches to systems thinking necessitates a higher level of adaptation to possible modifications to the present circumstances. For example, adapting to new technological innovations and increased level of knowledge sharing as some of the social processes that must be considered. As such, Best and Holmes (2010) further point that the project team must be more open and agile in the management of related activities. Besides, an organizational culture should be based on constant transformations in various aspects of the organisation that my limit the ability of the project team to adapt. The table below indicates alternative approaches and comparisons towards project management. Approaches Traditional approach Agile approach Systems thinking approach Comparisons Project solving and goals Gives a comprehensive delineation of project objectives based on the SMART model Such definition of project objectives is based on the strict examination of the diverse project requirements Gives a general explanation of concepts and possible outcome of the project The primary objective of the project team is to avail various project values to the clients Assumes an all-inclusive or holistic approach to solving related problems Gives a comprehensive definition of a project based on varied perceptions Gives a clear representation of project objectives among other phases of a project Project management cycle Assumes a linear cycle in project management that include clear explanation of various phases the project Project planning is strictly based on exhaustive timeframes which forms the basis of project management Assumes an iterative project management cycle that stresses on the delivery of functional elements Explains how organizations can adapt to changing situations Offers a close interaction with project beneficiaries such as clients Project executions processes are significantly simplified Assumes a non-linear cycle in project management that is majorly based on a cause-effect relationship in complex project setting Enables the examination of collaboration between various project elements Facilitates the development of potential substitute project scenarios Offers the project team an opportunity to adapt and manage changes in a dynamic project environment Organisational aspects A Work Breakdown Structure defines the organisational structure Project is highly formalized Majorly focuses on establishing a balance especially between fundamental project limitations such as cost and quality constraints Simplified organizations structures Majorly focuses on organizational flexibility, efficiency and adaptability Organizational structures moderately formalized Flexible, efficient and functional organizational structure Facilitates the development and adaptability to dynamic or complex project settings A highly competent project team Project team The oject team comprise of a narrow group of specialists The project team depicts high level of competency and experience Integrative (democratic) style of leadership is depicted The management style is majorly task-oriented The project teams are self-disciplined and organized The team comprises of a competent group of professionals Higher level of cooperation especially in decision making Increased communication especially among the project team members Incorporating project clients in the creation of final value The leadership and management styles stresses on cooperation and directing other team members. The project team comprise of a various interdisciplinary groups Project challenges are holistically examined The primary assumption is that the identified project problem is more complex than earlier anticipated The deciphering of the identified project problems based on the stipulated cause-and-effect relations in a complex project situation Encourages the sharing of thoughts on project implementation Stresses on the application of creative thinking to solve the identified problems The style of leadership common here is democratic that encourages project team members to freely participate in the process. Therefore, from the above comparisons, it is clear that systems thinking can complement other approaches to project management. Tools and techniques of systems thinking According to Davis et al. (2014), systems thinking tools are instrumental in facilitating the generation and organization of situations during project management. Some of the tools and techniques that comprise systems thinking include risk management, value and systems engineering. According to Senge (2014), systems engineering refers to the processes of designing and managing dynamic systems in the life cycle of a project. It include the ability to accurately test and evaluate, design and implement complex projects. Specifically, in this context, systems engineering deals with various project-related processes and aim at reducing the possible need for re-planning and optimization of the identified risk margin (Conti, 2010). Correspondingly, risk management refers to the processes involved in the assessment and elimination project risks. It includes increasing performances to ensure an iterative management of perceived project risks. According to Underwood and Waterson (2014), systems engineering also enable organizations to liaise and co-ordinate with pertinent bodies and other facets of project implementation. The figure below shows a functional systems engineering process. How systems thinking influences organisational structures, forms and business cultures According to Barile and Saviano (2011), systems thinking introduces a new insight on organisational structures, forms and business cultures. This is because it encourages a comprehensive and different look at organizational problems, and encourages the project team to freely interact and share important information. Systems thinking is also important in addressing various organizational challenges such as fragmentation and inadequate sharing of information among various departments (Caldwell, 2012). Specifically, systems thinking introduces a culture of cohesiveness and increased ability to handle complex systems based on a unique and all-inclusive learning process. ; How systems thinking influences Portfolio alignment and portfolio management process cycle Essentially, portfolio management focuses on the introduction of relevant change initiatives to a management system. As such, systems thinking facilitates the coordination and alignment of strategic business planning and corporate governance among other important functions to attain effective alignment of organizational portfolio (Caldwell, 2012). This ensure the creation of structures that can coordinate project activities and successfully deliver strategic project objectives. In essence, portfolio management as a form of systems thinking stresses on the prioritization of such processes that can result in the best possible outcome. This will enable an organization to avoid duplicating projects and initiating initiatives that can help in attaining the stipulate organizational objectives. How systems thinking influences business value model According to Conti (2010) business value model is an important form of systems thinking that can help an organization to better understand its problems that should be solved. This model assess such values that can drive customer satisfaction and possible limitations that can affect a business desire to establish relevant solutions. By establishing a business value model, an organization can be able to create a shared ideas and align the project team members to attain organizational objectives (Kerzner, 2013). How systems thinking influences organisational maturity Every company is pursuing absolute maturity in project management and implementation. Thus, systems thinking are seen as important factor in the successful implementation of organizational objectives. According to Barile and Saviano (2011), maturity in organizational setup aim at attaining near perfect development of organizational abilities. The company established that weak supply chain systems was a significant barrier to its market performances. The barrier meant that Costco would not adequately meet the growing demand of its organic food products among its customer bases. As such, they introduced a systems thinking model that focused on acquiring more organic food suppliers. This increased their capital prowess and improved their relationship with the customers. Thus, the company is guaranteed of organic food supplies and a positive return on its investments and increased value to customers.; Conclusions Indeed, systems thinking is a very powerful problem solving tool and technique especially in complex project situations (Caldwell, 2012). Notably, the research has clearly specified different literature, theories and how systems thinking can be applied in project management. Through system project, the research ascertains that an organization solve challenges related to project execution through a comprehensive perspective that acknowledges various systems and components constantly interacting during a particular process. Notably, systems thinking the management of an organization can significantly improve given the amplified level of information provided. This is because systems thinking encourages organizational management to approach issues through first assessing the perceived impacts and consequences of their resolutions. Such analyses will further help an organization to use systems thinking to generate alternative solutions to diverse issues arising in project and portfolio management (Kerzner, 2013). Furthermore, systems thinking encourages the formulation of optimal decisions and solutions that can benefit an organization in its entirety. Thus, the importance of systems thinking in project and portfolio management cannot be ignored whatsoever. The case study of Costco depicts a classic application systems thinking to increase organizational competence and customer value. References Barile, S. and Saviano, M. (2011) Foundations of systems thinking: the structure-system paradigm Best, A. and Holmes, B. (2010) Systems thinking, knowledge and action: towards better models and methods, Evidence Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice,6(2), pp.145-159. Caldwell, R. (2012) Systems thinking, organizational change and agency: A practice theory critique of Senge's Learning Organization, Journal of Change Management,12(2), pp.145-164. Conti, T. (2010) Systems thinking in quality management, The TQM Journal,22(4), pp.352-368. Davis, M.C., Challenger, R., Jayewardene, D.N. and Clegg, C.W. (2014) Advancing socio-technical systems thinking: A call for bravery, Applied ergonomics,45(2), pp.171-180. Flood, R.L. (2010) The relationship of systems thinkingto action research, Systemic Practice and Action Research,23(4), pp.269-284. Gharajedaghi, J. (2011) Systems thinking: Managing chaos and complexity: A platform for designing business architecture. Elsevier. Kerzner, H. (2013) Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leveson, N. (2011) Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT press. Leveson, N.G. (2011) Applying systems thinking to analyse and learn from events, Safety Science,49(1), pp.55-64. Mingers, J. and White, L. (2010) A review of the recent contribution of systems thinking to operational research and management science, European Journal of Operational Research,207(3), pp.1147-1161. Nguyen, N.C., Bosch, O.J. and Maani, K.E. (2011) Creating learning laboratories for sustainable development in biospheres: a systems thinking approach, Systems Research and Behavioral Science,28(1), pp.51-62. Schiuma, G., Carlucci, D. and Sole, F. (2012) Applying a systems thinking framework to assess knowledge assets dynamics for business performance improvement, Expert Systems with Applications,39(9), pp.8044-8050. Senge, P.M. (2014) The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization. Crown Business. Underwood, P. and Waterson, P. (2014) Systems thinking, the Swiss Cheese Model and accident analysis: a comparative systemic analysis of the Grayrigg train derailment using the ATSB, AcciMap and STAMP models, Accident Analysis Prevention,68, pp.75-94. Weinberg, G.M. (2011) An introduction to general systems thinking. New York: Wiley.

Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd)

Company description Dubal is a major manufacturer and supplier of aluminum products. The company’s mission is to be the leading company in global aluminum production. The company also aims to lead in marketing of aluminum products by the year 2020.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company is perceived to be a major supplier of alloy products to the automotive industry. Moreover, the company also supplies billet, foundry alloys to construction, electronics and aerospace industries. The company is also renowned for producing water products through thermal desalination. The company’s major markets are located globally, with China, Europe, North America and Middle East being major market destinations. Description of operations Aluminum smelting This is the initial aluminium production process that inv olves extraction of aluminium from its oxide (Davis 1). This procedure takes place in stages, where bauxite is turned into Alumina and then through an aluminium smelter where it is eventually turned into aluminium. Raw material handling The company procures high quality materials from various parts of the world. The company sources raw materials like alumina, aluminium fluoride and calcined petroleum coke from Australia, India and the United States respectively. Sourced imports pass through Jebel Ali Port. This is because the company has storage facilities for its raw materials at the port. Moreover, the company import raw materials in bulk and later transport the materials to the manufacturing plant by road tankers. Carbon anode manufacturing This is an on-site manufacturing process. The carbon anodes are necessary for the electrolysis process used in aluminum reduction process (Kvande Haupin 29). Apparently, the company has the capacity to produce more than 380,000 carbon anodes annually.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Casting operations This is the final process of making aluminium. It entails casting molten aluminum and alloying the same with magnesium, silicon and manganese. Casting is important in adding metal properties like corrosion resistance and strength (Kaufman Rooy 1). The company’s annual casting capacity is 1.2 million tonnes of aluminium. Supply chains decisions Dubal’s supply chain takes the format of a typical Porter’s value chain. Inbound logistics Procured materials from Australia, India, and the United States pass through Jebel Ali Port, where the company has storage facilities. The presence of storage facilities at the port is critical for constant supplies, storage and transportation of materials. Operations Main operations inside the company’s manufacturing plant include aluminium manufactur ing processes. Operation managers make critical decisions on the quantity and quality of products manufactured. Outbound logistics Operation managers are required to decide the mode of transportation in delivering products and services. Decision on company transport, outsourced transport is critical. Decisions on distribution channels and delivery locations to the company’s outlets across the world are also critical. Marketing and sales Marketing and sales initiatives are globally focused. Operation managers insist on manufacturing products that are environmentally sensitive.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company uses the aspect of quality as a marketing strategy in generating demand for its products. In addition, the inclusion of competitive prices for its products and services in relation to compet itors has been integral in generating sales. Service The company treasures its relationship with the customers. In this respect, constant communication with existing customers has been an organizational culture. Moreover, the company offers value-additional services to the customer who want consultation on aluminium products and services. Procurement This is a supporting activity for the company’s supply chain primary activities. Operation managers make outsourcing decisions based on suppliers and vendors convenience, reliability and prices. Human resource management Human resource personnel are recruited on merits of skills and competence. To ensure that human resource is competent enough, the human resource manager motivates, organizes frequent training and conducts performance appraisal on staff members. Technological development The company uses information communication systems, in harnessing its operations. Operation managers have resorted to using Material Resource Pla nning (MRP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software in making critical decisions on resource planning and allocations. Another form of information technology used is Computer Aided Designs (CAD) for purposes of manufacturing and mass production. Infrastructure Operation managers need to determine the organizational structure of the company. This means that critical support systems like accounting, procurement, transport, administration, marketing, legislative and general management are required.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational support systems are critical in harnessing the flow of information and operations within the organization. Operational decisions Human resources and job design This operation decision requires identification of skills required to produce the company’s products and services. In this respect, decision on the job design and requirement is integral before recruitment of personnel. The recruitment process of human resource is also necessary to consider. This is because a flawed recruitment process may negatively affect the productivity of the organization. A decision on how to make the working environment favorable to the employee is necessary after hiring the employee. This means that the working environment should not pose health risks to the employees. Moreover, a metal manufacturing environment is highly hazardous and requires the use of protective gear while working. This should be provided to all employees. This is critical in ensuring that manufacturing of pr oducts and services achieves quality goals. Wages and salaries allocated to employees should be reasonable in relation to the amount or level of job assigned (Rynes Gerhart 16). An operation decision to decide the expected productivity from employees is crucial. In this respect, employee performance appraisal is necessary to determine whether employees are delivering to their expectations (Bowen Ostroff 217). This is the only way the company can remain highly productive and competitive among other industrial players. Productivity Productivity can be measured by finding the average output of the company’s workers (Bloom Van Reneen 1362). This requires a unit of measurement. In this respect, the company can use units of products produced as a unit of measurement. In general, productivity will be determined by total units produced in relation to input used. Input is always represented as the amount of labor used. In a manufacturing company like Dubal, outputs are considered a s workers-hours required in manufacturing a single unit product. In order to determine the production cost of a single product unit and hours required of the same, total paid hours in a month are divided by the number of units produced in the same month. Productivity can be increased through constant monitoring of operations and employees (Johnson Peter 208). A technological strategy like the use of email monitoring is necessary in evaluating employees’ attendance to responsibilities. In this case, employees are to submit daily or weekly reports on work performance. Eliminating distractions such as unnecessary meetings and watching television is also necessary. Another way to increase productivity is delegation of duties or outsourcing operations (Young Johanna 141). Making a list of activities that require priority is essential. This makes it easier for the operation manager to arrange required tools of work and amount of workforce required in completing a job. Works Cited Bloom, Nicholas and Van Reenen, John. Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122.4 (2007): 1351-1408. Print. Bowen, E., David and Ostroff, Cheri. Understanding HRM–firm performance linkages: The role of the â€Å"strength† of the HRM system. Academy of management review 29.2 (2004): 203-221. Print. Davis, R., Joseph. Corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys. Arizona: ASM International, 1999. Print. Johnston, Robert and Peter Jones. Service productivity: towards understanding the relationship between operational and customer productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 53.3 (2004): 201-213. Print. Kaufman, J., Gilbert and Rooy L., Elwin. Aluminum alloy castings: properties, processes and applications. Arizona: ASM International, 2004. Print. Kvande, Halvor and Haupin, Warren. Inert anodes for AI smelters: Energy balances and environmental impact. Jom 53.5 (2001): 29 -33. Print. Rynes, L., Sara and Gerhart A., Barry. Compensation in organizations. New Jersey: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Print. Young, Suzanne and Macneil, Johanna. When performance fails to meet expectations: managers’ objectives for outsourcing. The Economic and Labor Relations Review 11.1 (2000): 136-168. Print. This case study on Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd) was written and submitted by user Amelia Morin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Sample Middle School Essay For Homework

Sample Middle School Essay For HomeworkA sample elementary student essay for a homework assignment should be clear and concise. However, this can sometimes be more difficult than it first appears. This is because you do not want to accidentally make the essay too lengthy. Here are some tips that will help you get through the rough spots.Do not hesitate to use the Internet as a resource when working on your middle school essay. This means that you should log onto your favorite search engine and find a sample essay you like. Most search engines can search through large databases of sample essays and find a great one that you might not have considered. This is a great way to find a great essay.The next tip is to make sure that you use grammar check. Grammar check is crucial when writing a middle school essay. Having a poorly written essay will not help you in your quest to get into college. A major part of any essay is going to be grammar and spelling. Make sure that you always check yo ur work before you submit it for approval.It may take a little time to do research for the essay but it will pay off. First of all, you want to get a feel for what writing a middle school essay can be like. The last thing you want to do is get stressed out trying to think of ways to make the essay unique.After you have gotten a feel for the essay, make sure that you read it over several times and that you check it for errors. If you find one or more errors, take them to the attention of the teacher before you submit the essay. Keep in mind that you may need to re-write parts of the essay if there are errors.Make sure that you make your students' thoughts and feelings as clear as possibleon the essays. Students love a good argument and they love talking about how they feel about a topic. Make sure that you make your students express their feelings on every aspect of the essay.At the end of each middle school student essay, the best thing that you can do is to get feedback. This is al so the best way to see where you went wrong and how you can correct your mistakes. Since so many middle school students feel that they cannot write, this is the best way to know if you have gotten your students excited about writing.Using a sample elementary student essay for a homework assignment can give you a great chance to have your students work with their essay topics. You want to make sure that you put the most important information on the top of the essay. These tips will help you make sure that you get an impressive result.

Reading Key Essay Example

Reading Key Essay Example Reading Key Essay Reading Key Essay Know: Old World, New World Are the terms old world and new world biased? Old World : Europeans fleeing poverty religious persecution. New World: North America 1. What conditions existed in what is today the United States that made it fertile ground for a great nation? Abundant natural resources Prior inhabitance cultivation of the land by the Native Americans The Shaping of North America Know: Great Basin:Lake Bonneville covering most of Idaho Utah today-it drained into the Pacific- drained the west through the Snake River Columbia River system. Lake Bonneville’s beaches are visible 1,000 ft. up of the floor of the Great Basin. Salt Lake lost its outlet and evaporation caused it to become saline. Appalachian Mountains: Formed before continental separation. 350 million yrs. Ago. Tidewater Region: Caused by many river valleys. Slope upward to the Appalachians. Rocky Mountains: 135-25 million yrs. ago after continental separation. Great Lakes: weight of the ice caused depressions in the Canadian Shield.This scoured away the topsoil Missouri Mississippi-Ohio River System: Drained the level of the Great Lakes. 2. Speculate how at least one geographic feature affected the development of the United States. Select a geographic region, explain how the geographic feature affected the development of the United States in each of the following time periods: 1500-1763 1800-1900 1900-2008 The First Discoverers of America Know: Land Bridge: 35,000 yrs ago the oceans congealed causing the sea level to drop, and exposing the land brid ge between Siberia and Alaska. Nomad crossed the land bridge.About 10,000 years ago, as the Ice Age ended, sea levels began to rise and the land bridge was covered with water once again. 3. Before the arrival of Europeans, the settlement of the Americas was insignificant. Assess this statement. Insignificant infers that lower population levels were inferior to the larger population levels in other parts of the world. Also, new research suggests that the native populations of North America were actually much higher than previously thought. The Earliest Americans Know: Maize: corn- transformed groups into agricultural societies as it spread throughout the Americas.Aztecs: Nation-state in present day Mexico Incas: Nation-state in present-day Mexico Pueblo: maize reached the American southwest around 1200 bc. Rio Grande Valley established irrigation systems for their corn. Multistoried terraced buildings (pueblo means village in Spanish) Mound Builders: Chaokia: 40,000 in 1100 A. D. ar ound 1300 population began to decline. (Monk’s Mound) Creek, Choctoaw, Cherokee were among the highest populations. Three-sister Farming: corn, squash, beans. Beans grew up corn stalk and squash retained moisture in soil. Cherokee: Iroquois: Northeastern woodlands, democratic political system . Describe some of the common features of North American Indian culture. Agricultural- yet impermanent settlements. Did not attempt to dominate nature Use quotes from pages 9-10 in textbook. They were so thinly spread across the continent that vast areas were virtually untouched by a human presence. 4 million†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Indirect Discoverers of the New World Know: Vinland: From Scandanavia 1,000 AD, Newfoundland (covered in wild grapes- hence the name vinland) Crusaders: 1300’s crusaders seeking to free holy land from Muslim control. This gave Europe a taste for foreign goods i. e: ilk, spices, drugs, perfumes- ***sugarMerchants ought cheaper means for the transportation of goods. Venice: Italian trading city Genoa: Italian trading city Describe the impact of sugar and the development of Europe’s sweet tooth on the colonization of the Americas. 5. What caused Europeans to begin exploring? Europeans were in search of cheaper trade routes from the East to the West. Europeans Enter Africa Know: Marco Polo: 1295 AD he returned from China. Increased European desires for goods. Caravel: Before its invention Europeans would not sail around the coast of Africa. 1450 invented by Portuguese allowed them to sail more directly into the wind.Bartholomew Diaz: Rounded the tip of Africa in 1488 (Portuguese) Portugal had control of the African coast Vasco da Gama: Reached India in 1498 Ferdinand and Isabella: rid Spain of the infidels (the Moors) Wanted to rival Portugal for power. Moors: Muslims who fought the Christians in Spain 6. What were the results of the Portuguese explorations of Africa? Exposure to slave trade by Africans and Arabs led to their own es tablishment of slave trade networks Slaves used to work on sugar plantations. Set up gold trading posts on the west coast Columbus Comes upon a New World Know: Columbus: 1492 7.What developments set the stage for a cataclysmic shift in the course of history? Europeans desired cheaper products from foreign lands Africa was a cheap labor source Long-range navigation was possible Spain was rising in power as a nation-state Renaissance the spread of knowledge When Worlds Collide Know: Corn: Potatoes: Sugar: Columbus brought over seedl ings of sugar cane Horses: Smallpox: Hispaniola population dropped from 1 million to 200 in 50 years. 8. Explain the positive and negative effects of the Atlantic Exchange. Positive negative effects can be argues for almost everything: Cattle HorsesPigs Maize, mantioc, sweet potatoes to Africa The Spanish Conquistadors Know: Only a small minority were actually nobility. Most were professional soldiers sailors. The rest were peasants ans artisans. Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 Treaty to discovery of Columbus dividing land b/t Spain and Portugal. Most of the land went to Spain, but Portugal got more land in Africa. Vasco Nunez Balboa: Spanish discoverer of Pacific Ocean of Pananma 1513 claimed washed by that sea. Ferdinand Magellan: Sailed around the world Juan Ponce de Leon: Sailed to FL Francisco Coronado: From Mexico east through AZ NM. He encountered the PueblosHernando de Soto: From the East crossed the Mississippi. Particularly brutal to Native Am. Francisco Pizarro: Destroyed the Incas in 1532. Encomienda: Basically enslavement of the natives in return for conversion to Christianity 9. Were the conquistadors great men? Explain. They were great at destroying the existence of native societies of the Americas Makers of America: The Spanish Conquistadors Know: Granada: Moorish stronghold in Spain (city) 1492 it fell to the Spanish after a 10 year siege. For 500 years the Christian kingdoms of Spain had been attempting to ri d the area of the North African Muslims Moors: North African Muslims Reconquista: Ended as a result of Moorish defeat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The religious zealotry intolerance of the Spanish was now focuses on the New World frontier. 10. Were the conquistadors motives successfully fulfilled? Explain. Their individual dreams of glory were not attained. Most had to give booty to their commanders and later the Spanish crown tightened control of the loot. The Conquest of Mexico Know: Hernan Cortez: Conquerer of the Aztecs Tenochtitlan: Aztec capital city Montezuma: Leader of the Aztecs Mestizos: mix race of Aztecs Spanish 11. Why was Cortez able to defeat the powerful Aztecs? Guns diseaseThe Spread of Spanish America Know: John Cabot: Giovanni da Verazano: Jacques Cartier: St. Augustine: New Mexico: Don Juan De Onate led Spansih into the Rio Grande Valley in 1598. In the Battle of Acoma, 1599, the Spanish severed the foot of each survivor. The called this area New Mexico and in 1609 founded its capital in Santa Fe. Popes Rebellion: 1680, the native Americans destroyed all Catholic Churches and killed preiests and Spanish settlers. The Indians built kivas ceremonial religious chamber on the ruins on the Spanish plaza at Santa Fe. Mission Indians: In CA, San Deigo†¦attempt of Spaniards to convert Indians.These Indians not only lost contact with native culture but were also very susceptible to disease. Black Legend: That Spanish had butchered the natives, stole their gold, and infected them with smallpox. The Spanish actually did a better job of incorporating native cultures into their own than the English did. 12. What is the Black Legend, and to what extent does our text agree with it? The textbook rejects this legend overall. I’m skeptical of the textbook’s treatment of this topic. CHAPTER 2: THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH COLONIES GUIDED READING QUESTIONS Englands Imperial Stirrings Know: Henry VIII:Queen Elizabeth: Catholic Ireland: 13. Why was England sl ow to establish New World colonies? Elizabeth Energizes England Know: Francis Drake: Sir Walter Raleigh: Virginia: Spanish Armada: 14. What steps from 1575-1600 brought England closer to colonizing the New World? England on the Eve of Empire Know: Enclosure Movement: Primogeniture: Joint-stock company: 15. Explain how conditions in England around 1600 made the country ripe to colonize North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling Know: Virginia Company: Jamestown: John Smith: Powhatan: Pocahontas: Starving Time: Lord De La Warr: 16.Give at least three reasons that so many of the Jamestown settlers died. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake Know: Powhatans Confederacy: Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 17. What factors led to the poor relations between Europeans and Native Americans in Virginia? Virginia: Child of Tobacco Know: John Rolfe: Tobacco: House of Burgesses: 18. By 1620 Virginia had already developed many of the features that were important to it two centuries later. Explain. Maryla nd: Catholic Haven Know: Lord Baltimore: Indentured Servants: Act of Toleration: 19. In what ways was Maryland different than Virginia? The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland AmericaKnow: West Indies: Sugar: Barbados Slave Code: 20. What historical consequences resulted from the cultivation of sugar instead of tobacco in the British colonies in the West Indies? Colonizing the Carolinas Know: Oliver Cromwell: Charles II: Rice: 21. Why did Carolina become a place for aristocratic whites and many black slaves? The Emergence of North Carolina Know: Tuscarora: 22. North Carolina was called a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit. Explain. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony Know: James Oglethorpe: 23. In what ways was Georgia unique among the Southern colonies?Makers of America: The Iroquois Know: The Iroquois Confederacy: Deganawidah: Hiawatha: Five Nations: Handsome Lake: 24. How did the political structure of the Iroquois prove to be strength and ultimately a weaknes s? The Plantation Colonies 25. Which Southern colony was the most different from the others? Explain. CHAPTER 3: SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Know: John Calvin, Conversion Experience, Visible Saints, Church of England, Puritans, Separatists 26. How did John Calvins teachings result in some Englishmen wanting to leave England?The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth Know: Mayflower, Myles Standish, Mayflower Compact, Plymouth, William Bradford 27. Explain the factors that contributed to the success of the Plymouth colony. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth Know: Puritans, Charles I, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Great Migration, John Winthrop 28. Why did the Puritans come to America? Building the Bay Colony Know: Freemen, Bible Commonwealth, John Cotton, Protestant Ethic 29. How democratic was the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Explain. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Know: Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism, Roger Wi lliams 30.What happened to people whose religious beliefs differed from others in Massachusetts Bay Colony? The Rhode Island Sewer Know: Freedom of Religion 31. How was Rhode Island different than Massachusetts? Makers of America: The English 32. In what ways did the British North American colonies reflect their mother country? New England Spreads Out Know: Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders 33. Describe how Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire were settled. Puritans versus Indians Know: Squanto, Massasoit, Pequot War, Praying Towns, Metacom, King Philips War 34. Why did hostilities arise between Puritans and Native Americans? What was the result?Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence Know: New England Confederation, Charles II 35. Assess the following statement, The British colonies were beginning to grow closer to each other by 1700. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Know: Dominion of New England, Navigation Laws, Edmund Andros, Glorious Revolution, William and Mary, Salutary Neglect 36. How did events in England affect the New England colonies development? Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands Know: Dutch East India Company, Henry Hudson, New Amsterdam, Patroonships 37. Explain how settlement by the Dutch led to the type of city that New York is today.Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors Know: Wall Street, New Sweden, Peter Stuyvesant, Log Cabins 38. Vexations beset the Dutch company-colony from the beginning. Explain. Dutch Residues in New York Know: Duke of York 39. Do the Dutch have an important legacy in the United States? Explain. Penns Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Know: Quakers, William Penn 40. What had William Penn and other Quakers experienced that would make them want a colony in America? Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors Know: East New Jersey, West New Jersey, Delaware 41. Why was Pennsylvania attractive to so many Europeans and Native Americans?The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies Know: Middle Colonies, Benjamin Fran klin 42. What do the authors mean when the say that the middle colonies were the most American? Varying Viewpoints: Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? 43. The picture of colonial America that is emerging from all this new scholarship is of a society unique- and diverse- from its inception. Explain CHAPTER 4: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Unhealthy Chesapeake 44. Life in the American wilderness was nasty, brutish, and short for the earliest Chesapeake settlers. Explain. The Tobacco EconomyKnow: Tobacco, Indentured Servants, Freedom Dues, Headright System 45. What conditions in Virginia made the colony right for the importation of indentured servants? Frustrated Freemen and Bacons Rebellion Know: William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon 46. Who is most to blame for Bacons rebellion, the upper class or the lower class? Explain. Colonial Slavery Know: Royal African Company, Middle Passage, Slave Codes, Chattel Slavery 47. Describe the slave trade. Africans in America Know: Gullah, Stono Rebellion 48. Describe slave culture and contributions. Makers of America: From African to African-American 49. And precisely because of the diversity of African peoples represented in America, the culture that emerged was a uniquely New World creation. Explain. Southern Society Know: Plantations, Yeoman Farmers 50. Describe southern culture in the colonial period, noting social classes. The New England Family Know: The Scarlet Letter 51. What was it like to be a woman in New England? Life in the New England Towns Know: Harvard, Town Meetings 52. Explain the significance of New England towns to the culture there. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trial Know: Jeremiad, Conversions, Half-Way Covenant 3. What evidence shows that New England was becoming more diverse as the 17th century wore on? The New England Way of Life Know: Yankee Ingenuity 54. How did the environment shape the culture of New England? The Early Settlers Days and Ways Know: Leislers Rebellion 55. How much equality was evident in the colonies? CHAPTER 5: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION GUIDED READING QUESTIONS Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 56. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britains North American colonies? A Mingling of RacesKnow: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 57. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 58. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 59. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists Know: Smallpox, Diphtheria 60. Why has the relative prestige of the professions changed from colonial times to today? Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 1. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 62. What was it like to travel in early America? Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 63. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 64. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 5. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Culture in the Backwoods Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 66. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 67. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? The Great Game of Politics Know: R oyal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 68. How democratic was colonial America?Colonial Folkways 69. What were the advantages and disadvantages of living in America during the colonial period? Colonial America: Communities of Conflict or Consensus? Know: Nashs Urban Crucible Theory 70. Were the colonies marked more by internal consensus or internal conflict? Explain. CHAPTER 6: THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA GUIDED READING QUESTIONS France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 71. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 72.What factors led to the French settlement of New France? The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkinss Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 73. Describe the early wars between France and Brit ain. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 74. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, Join or Die 75. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? Braddocks Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? Pitts Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 77. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? Restless Colonials 78. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and the mother country? Makers of America: The French Know: Louis XIV, The Great Displacement 79. What contributions to American culture were made by the French? Americans: A People of Destiny Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclama tion of 1763 80.How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? CHAPTER 7: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Deep Roots of Revolution 81. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The Mercantile Theory Know: Mercantilism 82. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilist Trammels on Trade Know: Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 83. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? The Merits of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 84.In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The Menace of Mercantilism 85. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act of 1765, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 86. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Nonimportation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 87. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston MassacreKnow: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 88. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 89. How did Committees of Correspondence work? Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 90. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? Parliament Passes the Intolerable Acts Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 91.What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The Continental Congress and Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 92. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 93. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 94. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? A Thin Line of HeroesKnow: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 95. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? Whose Revolution? 96. Which of the four interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Which seems least true? Explain. CHAPTER 8: AMERICA SECEDES FROM THE EMPIRE GUIDED READING QUESTIONS Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 97. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? Bunker Hill an d Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 98.How and why did George III slam the door on all hope of reconciliation? The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 99. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 100. Why was Common Sense important? Paine and the Idea of Republicanism Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 101. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Jeffersons Explanation of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 102. What does the Declaration of Independence say? Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 03. What kinds of people were Loyalists? Makers of America: The Loyalists 104. What happened to Loyalists after the war? The Loyalist Exodus 105. What happened to Loyalists during the war? General Washington at Bay Know: William Howe, Trenton, Princet on, 106. What were some of the flaws of General William Howe? Burgoynes Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 107. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? Strange French Bedfellows 108. Why did the French help America win independence? The Colonial War Becomes a World WarKnow: Armed Neutrality 109. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 110. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. The Land Frontier and Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 111. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 112. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 113. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 114. Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. DOCUMENT BASED QUESTION: EXAMINE THE DOCUMENTS ATTACHED FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS ON PAGE 11. WRITE A 5 PARAGRAPH ESSAY: Paragraph 1= Give your introduction and thesis statement Paragraph 2-3-4= Supportive evidence using documents and outside knowledge based on your text and other sources Paragraph 5= Conclusion

Description of the Film Separation by Asghar Farhadi Assignment - 1

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Machhavelli and the concepts of War - Essay Example However, in either of these considerations for traditional, modern and post-modern war, Niccolo Machiavelli was renowned for its remarkable concepts about war in general. It is the purpose of this paper to emphasize the whole point of Machiavelli on the concept of war. Thus, the proponent tries to emphasize Machiavelli as a diplomat and together with his role on the concepts of war. Machiavelli was engaged in trying to make government leader aware about the perils and the good things about war. However, part of such meaningful understanding about war is to elaborately discuss his idea on the subject matter. In order to understand him further on his engagement in the concept of war, his various writing on ‘The Prince’, ‘the Discourses’ and ‘The Art of War’ all consist of ideas and theories about politics, human nature, the concept of war and other societal issues. He is indeed a diplomat on the concept of war in his own ways. How to exactly identify Machiavelli as a diplomat on the concept of war is the main point of this section. Part of the discussion is the inclusion of various analyses about Machiavelli as a diplomat on the concept of war based on his works. A diplomat needs to have the needed skills in making people entirely agree with his or her idea. Machiavelli was able to make it by trying to emphasize that war in his books is only required if there is a need to do so. There are various risks in trying to come up with war if in the end it is justified that more destructions than advantage are obtained. Niccolo Machiavelli without question was highly skilled on the business of making agreements or making people agree on his concept of war. There are other various thinkers like Machiavelli but his way of thinking on the concept of war was able to gain various political considerations until the present time. Machiavelli always looked at the concern of the country and its citizens. Since he is